The following ten categories of risk factors for poor mental health (as well as poor physical health) related to the workplace have broadly been identified by The World Health Organization (WHO).
▶ Work content/task design: e.g. lack of variety or short work cycles, fragmented or meaningless work, under-use of skills, high uncertainty, continuous exposure to people through work;
▶ Workload and work pace: e.g. work overload or under-load, machine pacing, high levels of time pressure, continual subjection to deadlines;
▶ Work schedule: e.g. shift-working, night shifts, inflexible work schedules, unpredictable hours, long or unsociable hours;
▶ Control: e.g. low participation in decision-making, lack of control over workload, pacing, etc.;
▶ Environment and equipment: e.g. inadequate equipment availability, suitability or maintenance; poor environmental conditions such as lack of space, poor lighting, excessive noise;
▶ Organizational culture and function: e.g. poor communication, low levels of support for problem-solving and personal development, lack of definition of, or agreement on, organizational objectives, organizational change; high competition for scarce resources, over-complex bureaucracies;
▶ Interpersonal relationships at work: e.g. social or physical isolation, poor relationships with superiors, interpersonal conflict, harmful work behaviours, lack of (perceived, actual) social support; bullying, harassment, mobbing; microaggressions;
▶ Role in organization: e.g. role ambiguity, role conflict, and responsibility for other people;
▶ Career development: e.g. career stagnation and uncertainty, under-promotion or over-promotion, poor pay, job insecurity, low social value of work;
▶ Home-work interface: e.g. conflicting demands of work and home, including for persons with caregiving responsibilities, low support at home, dual career problems; living at the same site where the work is done, living away from family during work assignments.
