| High job demands |
Excessive workload, unrealistic deadlines, prolonged work hours, insufficient staffing, or emotionally demanding work. |
| Low job control |
Limited autonomy over how, when, or where work is completed. |
| Poor support |
Inadequate support from managers, supervisors, or colleagues. |
| Poor organisational change management |
Change that is poorly planned, communicated, or implemented. |
| Role ambiguity |
Employees are unclear about responsibilities, authority, or expectations. |
| Role conflict |
Conflicting instructions or incompatible job demands. |
| Poor organisational justice |
Decisions perceived as unfair, inconsistent, or lacking transparency. |
| Inadequate reward and recognition |
Lack of acknowledgement, career progression, or fair remuneration. |
| Remote or isolated work |
Working alone or in locations where assistance is difficult to obtain. |
| Poor workplace relationships |
Conflict, incivility, lack of trust, or poor communication. |
| Bullying |
Repeated unreasonable behaviour creating a risk to health and safety. |
| Harassment |
Unwelcome behaviour including sexual harassment and discriminatory conduct. |
| Violence and aggression |
Physical assault, threats, abuse, or intimidation from customers, clients, patients, or colleagues. |
| Traumatic events or material |
Exposure to distressing incidents or traumatic content. |
| Poor environmental conditions |
Noise, heat, poor lighting, overcrowding, or inadequate facilities contributing to psychological strain. |